United States–Turkey Investment Relations
The US–Turkey Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), in force since 1990, provides American investors with national treatment, most-favored-nation treatment, and protection against expropriation. This treaty offers a strong legal framework for US-based investors operating in Turkey.
The United States is one of the largest sources of foreign direct investment in Turkey. American investors frequently establish companies in Istanbul and Ankara, particularly in technology, consulting, e-commerce, and professional services. The Turkish-American Business Council facilitates trade relations between both countries.
Can American Citizens Open a Company in Turkey?
Yes. Citizens of United States can form a company in Turkey with 100% foreign ownership. Turkish law does not require a local partner or Turkish shareholder. American nationals receive equal treatment under the Turkish Commercial Code, with the same rights and obligations as Turkish-owned companies.
There are no sector restrictions specific to American investors — the vast majority of business activities are open to foreign companies without special permissions.
Visa & Work Permit Information
US citizens can enter Turkey with an e-Visa (typically valid for 90 days within a 180-day period) for business purposes. Work permits must be applied for separately through the Ministry of Labour after company formation. The process typically takes 4–6 weeks.
Foreign shareholders who do not intend to work or reside in Turkey do not need a work permit or residence permit to own a company. However, if you plan to actively manage your Turkish company from Turkey, a work permit is legally required.
Recommended Company Type
The most common structure among American investors is the Limited Liability Company (LLC / Ltd. Şti.).
LLC (Ltd. Şti.)
- Min. 10,000 TRY capital
- 1–50 shareholders
- Simple management structure
- Best for SMEs and service businesses
Joint Stock (A.Ş.)
- Min. 50,000 TRY capital
- 1+ shareholders (no upper limit)
- Board of directors required
- Best for large-scale or IPO-track businesses
Branch Office
- No separate legal entity
- No minimum capital
- Extension of parent company
- Best for companies testing the market
Requirements for American Citizens
- Valid passport from United States
- Turkish tax identification number (vergi numarası)
- Registered business address in Turkey
- Notarized Articles of Association (in Turkish)
- Minimum share capital deposit at a Turkish bank
- Power of attorney (if forming remotely without visiting Turkey)
Formation Process
- Consultation — Choose your company type, define business activities, and plan your structure
- MERSIS Pre-Registration — Enter company details in Turkey's central registry system
- Articles of Association — Draft, notarize, and sign (or via power of attorney)
- Bank Account & Capital Deposit — Open a Turkish bank account and deposit at least 25% of capital
- Trade Registry — File with the local Trade Registry Office
- Tax & Social Security — Register with the tax office and SGK
- Work Permits — Apply if foreign managers or employees will be based in Turkey
The process typically takes 5–10 business days once all documents are prepared. If documents need apostille or consular legalization from United States, allow additional time.